176,[203] preventing any educational institution to be established exclusively for foreigners or offer any curriculum exclusively for foreigners,[204] and restricted the teaching of the Chinese language to not more than 100 minutes a day.[205]. [148] Two of Marcos's friends were Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr., who would go on to control San Miguel Corporation, and Ramon Cojuangco, late businessman and chairman of PLDT, and father of Antonio "Tony Boy" Cojuangco (who would eventually succeed his father in the telecommunications company), both happened to be cousins of Corazon Aquino. With tax revenues unable to fund his administration's 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970, Marcos began tapping foreign loans, creating a budget deficit 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965. According to reports in the Guardian and the Washington Post, they carried with them some essential belongings, including $7 million in cash and gems (some of which were transported in diaper. Look at them. First, overseas bank accounts were established in order to have easy access to the funds without concern for Philippine exchange laws. 47 of the Philippines' state colleges and universities were established during Marcos's 21-year administration. [387] In 2010, she was ordered to repay the Philippine government almost $280,000 for funds taken by Ferdinand Marcos in 1983. [108], Marcos ran a populist campaign emphasizing that he was a bemedalled war hero emerging from World War II. A jury in the Ninth Circuit Court awarded US$2 billion to the plaintiffs and to a class composed of human rights victims and their families. Marcos had thought of being flown to his hometown in Ilocos Norte, greeted by his loyal supporters, and initiating a plot to kidnap Corazon Aquino. "[370][371], His older sister, Imee, denies that human rights abuses occurred during her family's regime and called them political accusations. Consecutive polls in January and February have the junior Marcos winning with a staggering 60 per cent of the national vote. [17]:41. [101], Marcos joined the "Liberal Wing" that split from the Nacionalista Party, which eventually became the Liberal Party. [169] In 1972, China, which was then actively supporting and arming communist insurgencies in Asia as part of Mao Zedong's People's War Doctrine, transported 1,200 M-14 and AK-47 rifles aboard the MV Karagatan for the NPA to speed up its campaign to defeat the government. [222] The lifting of martial law was timed with the election of US President Ronald Reagan and the visit of Pope John Paul II, to get support from Reagan and minimize criticism from the Pope. The family fled to Hawaii in 1986 after her husband was ousted as millions of people took to the streets in the largely peaceful "People Power" uprising to force a return to democracy. [314][315][316] In July 2017, the Philippine Court of Appeals rejected the petition seeking to enforce the United States court decision that awarded the $2 billion in compensation to human rights victims during the term of former President Ferdinand Marcos. The crony's commission was $25 million or $200 million representing five percent of the total bid price. Pres. 061204", "Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds", "CA rejects Marcos victims' claims for $2B damages", "11,103 victims of human rights violations under Martial Law to get compensation", "Marcos victims push for second claims board", "Final list of Marcos victims qualified for funds released", "DEBT,DEPRIVATION AND THE SPOILS OF DICTATORSHIP", "Different legacies: Ferdinand Marcos and Lee Kuan Yew", "15 things Lee Kuan Yew said about the Philippines", "Ninoy networked with everyone, Reds included", "Nuns and Priests Working With Communists Divide Church", "I saw martial law up close and personal", "TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The Marcos Regime, published in 'For Democracy & Human Rights, Rekindling Lessons from Martial Law & People Power Revolt', "Look Back: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", "Why not ask Ramos and Enrile about Martial Law", "It is Ramos who should apologize over Martial Law 'abuses', "Batas militar: A documentary about martial law in the Philippines", "3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 19751985", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, "A Martial Law victim's story of healing", "Detention and torture by Marcos military", "Atenista who exposed the Marcos torture machine", "To young Filipinos who never knew martial law and dictatorship", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "44 years too long: The martial-law victims, 'desaparecidos' and the families left behind", "Family secret: How Primitivo Mijares disappeared", "No grave, no justice for martial law victims", "And many disappeared in the prime of youth", "Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Dictionary definition of Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary", "Marcos and the First Quarter Storm Part II: Of Pillboxes and Firearms", "Massacres, incidents of violence against farmers", Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 28 Nov 1981, "19 Years After 'Bloody Thursday,' Terror Still Stalks Escalante", "Before Martial Law, there was the Tacub Massacre", "VERA FILES FACT SHEET: Palimbang massacre and Marcos' other transgressions against the Bangsamoro", "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bongbong Marcos falsely claims martial law horrors fabricated", "Martial Law in the eyes of the late strongman Marcos' son", "Enrile's memoir gives me sleepless nights", "Imee says HR abuses during father's rule are just 'political accusations', "Hunt for Marcos's Billions Yields More Dead Ends Than Hard Cash", "End of 30-Year Hunt for Marcos Billions? In December 1997 (Reuters 1997:3), Switzerland's highest court ordered the Swiss banks to return $500 million of Marcos's secret accounts to the Philippine government, marking a major step forward in efforts to recover the Marcos's hidden wealth. The presidency of Bongbong Marcos began at noon on June 30, 2022, following his inauguration as the 17th president of the Philippines, succeeding Rodrigo Duterte.His term is expected to end six years later, on June 30, 2028. [414]:"27", The initial deposit of under $1 million grew into hundreds of millions, especially after Marcos declared martial law in 1972. [260][261], It was during this time that Marcos's World War II medals for fighting the Japanese Occupation was first questioned by the foreign press. Given that Metro Manila accounts for around 20% of the country's population, it is estimated to be responsible for at least 70% of gross national receipts. [118][119] PTVPhilippines. November 9, 1965: Presidency Marcos switches parties to run against incumbent president. It cost $25 million. [483], Its cost reached over $2.3 million and was only paid off by the government in April 2017, 31 years after the beginning of its construction. Laurel thus reportedly saw in Marcos a mirror of himself and pleaded for his colleagues to acquit. [101], Marcos became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and a member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government. Ferdinand Marcos Jr, known by his nickname "Bongbong", is poised to become the president of the Philippines almost four decades after his father was overthrown in a revolution. Ferdinand Marcos and family in Manila after his inauguration as president in 1965. Credit: Corbis. It was revealed that she is hiding parts of her father's ill-gotten wealth in tax havens in the British Virgin Islands. To contribute to the cost of its maintenance, it was transformed into a tourist attraction. By 1979, he also controlled at least 14 private corporations involved in mining, coconut refining, and management consulting. [437][434], In addition, Imelda's "edifice complex" projects were typically constructed on a rush basis,[436]:169 resulting in some of them not being safe for long-term use.[434]. ", "Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator", "Time taking its toll on martial law victims", "The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case", "BBC News Asia-Pacific Imelda Marcos acquitted", "Imelda Marcos allowed to travel to Singapore despite graft cases", "Imelda Marcos and her road to vindication", "Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact", "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts", "Imelda Marcos' ex-secretary sentenced over stolen masterpieces", "Former Marcos Aide Sentenced in Art Sale", "ICIJ releases database revealing thousands of secret offshore companies", "Duterte: Marcoses offer settlement on family wealth", "Facebook Gallery: Draft Bill on Compromise Deal Between Marcos and Duterte Government", "Marcos loyalist proposes deal with gov't on Marcos wealth", "The Marcos Empire: Gold, Oil, Land and Cash", "Imelda Marcos rises again in the Philippinesthrough her son Bongbong", "Marcos' First Foreign Accounts Traced to '68", "Money trail: The Marcos billions | 31 years of amnesia", "Swiss Bank Found with $800 Million in Marcos's Name", "Imelda Marcos verdict shows scheme to earn $200M from Swiss foundations", "The Southeast Missourian - Google News Archive Search", "Taxpayers To Pay Marcos Debt Until 2025, IBON features Vol X No. [146]:"29"[195] He referred to this social engineering exercise as the bagong lipunan or "new society"[196]:13 and the Marcos administration produced a range propaganda materials including speeches, books, lectures, slogans, and numerous propaganda songs to promote it. Later on the State Department announced the Marcoses were not immune from legal charges, and within weeks hundreds of cases had been filed against them. The program planned to achieve this by pushing farmers to use newly developed technologies including high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, low-cost fertilizer, and herbicides. The Marcos family have returned to the Philippines and to positions of political prominence: Ferdinand Marcos's widow Imelda became a congresswoman and his daughter Imee a governor. "As the sixth President of the Philippine Republic, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos, 49, has been in office only ten months, but in that time he has taken significant steps toward providing the. One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption,[16][17][18] extravagance,[19][20][21] and brutality. [341], According to the late Susan Quimpo, co-author of Subversive Lives, 80,000 was a low figure for the number of persons incarcerated during the Marcos regime. The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. Marcos ordered a cut in government expenditures and used a portion of the savings to finance the Sariling Sikap (Self-Reliance), a livelihood program he established in 1984. Mr Marcos Sr, his wife Imelda and their cronies plundered an estimated $10bn (8.1bn) of public money while in power, when millions of Filipinos were living in extreme poverty. They are usually covered with high walls. "[372], The Philippine Supreme Court considers all Marcos assets beyond their legally declared earnings/salary to be ill-gotten wealth[373] and such wealth to have been forfeited in favor of the government or human rights victims. The marriage this week of the grandchildren of former president Ferdinand Marcos and former senator Raul Manglapus signals the end of a decades-long rivalry, Ilocos Norte Gov. By October that year, Pres. [138], The MCCCL's rallies are particularly remembered for their diversity, attracting participants from both the moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, with the biggest one attended by as many as 50,000 people. He is running for Congress and has featured heavily in the campaign, especially online, where his. By March 1975, Westinghouse's contract price increased to $1.1 billion for interest and escalation costs. By 1970, study sessions on MarxismLeninism had become common in the campuses, and many student activists were joining various organizations associated with the National Democracy Movement (ND), such as the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines (SCAUP) and the Kabataang Makabayan (KM, lit. Victims would simply be rounded up with no arrest warrant nor reading of prisoners' rights and kept indefinitely locked up with no charges filed against them. [35], Within a year of returning to the Philippines, Imelda Marcos was running for president in the 1992 Philippine presidential election, finishing 5th out of 7 candidates. Ferdinand's sister Elizabeth Marcos-Keon became Governor of Ilocos Norte from 1971 to 1983. ", "Jubilant Filipinos loot Marcos' Malacanang palace", "REFLECTIONS: EDSA from the Eyes of a Mindanawon", "Former Philippine President Marcos Reveals Plan to Invade Homeland", "10,000 Troops, Billions in Gold: House Panel Hears Tapes of Marcos Plotting coup", "Aquino government says Marcos invasion plan a propaganda ploy", "Collection: WHORM Subject Files Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 560000-574999 Box 153", "Folder Title:CO 125 (Philippines) 589090 (1) Box: 153", "The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search", "Aquino's Vice President Asks Sympathy for Ailing Marcos", "Two Great Activities in the Philippines", "Manila Standard - Google News Archive Search", "Marcos Dies in Exile at 72; 'Father's Not Here Anymore', "4 Years After Death, Marcos' Body to Go Home for Burial", "Is Philippines ready for a state burial for Marcos? [137][138] The "moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms. [407][pageneeded][411]:175. [306][307], The Swiss government, initially reluctant to respond to allegations that stolen funds were held in Swiss accounts,[308] has returned $684 million of Marcos's stash. The daughter, Imee Marcos, 62, and the rest of the Marcos family have been enjoying a revival of sorts under the presidency of President Rodrigo Duterte, a self-professed fan of Ferdinand Marcos . [165] The 1973 constitutional plebiscite was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced the method of voting through secret ballot with a system of viva voce voting by "citizen's assemblies". [citation needed] The unemployment rate increased from 6.25% in 1972 to 11.058% in 1985. (L-R) Bongbong Marcos, Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, and Irene Marcos ascending the main Palace staircase on the day of Ferdinand Marcos Sr.'s second inaugural, in December 1969. [185], However, only one of these incidents the one in the Carriedo shopping mall went beyond damage to property; one woman was killed and about 40 persons were injured. The line between leftist activists and communists became increasingly blurred, as a significant number of radicalized activists also joined the Communist Party of the Philippines. During his third term, Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to kidney ailments, as a complication of a chronic autoimmune disease lupus erythematosus. [187] Ruling by decree, he almost dissolved press freedom and other civil liberties to add propaganda machine, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including senators Benigno Aquino Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose W. Other industrialization projects during the Marcos administration included 17 hydroelectric[474][475] and geothermal power plants[476][477] to lessen the country's dependency on oil. [130][347], Victims included Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila student Liliosa Hilao,[350] Archimedes Trajano and Juan Escandor. In 1962, Marcos would claim to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments could give to a soldier. The 21-year period of Philippine economic history during Ferdinand Marcos's regime from his election in 1965 until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986 was a period of significant economic highs and lows. [148], Groups considered "radical" by the media of the time included:[139], When Marcos became president in 1965, Philippine policy and politics functioned under a post-World War II geopolitical framework. Government financing institutions refused to guarantee Meralco's foreign loans. Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years', "Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case", "Marcos Underwent Kidney Transplants, Doctors Say", "Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades", "Martial law: costly lessons in economic development", "NTG: 'Subversive Lives,' libro tungkol sa pinagdaanan ng Pamilya Quimpo noong Martial Law", "The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts", "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society", "History of the Philippine Sugar Industry", "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles", Structural Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, "Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Domestic Credit Rating Agencies", "RP's biggest credit research firms form alliance", "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila", "Marcos Blasts U.S. Reports He Was a Phony War Hero: American Records Fail to Back Him", "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 1987", "Collapes of Marcos regime ends Soviet courtship", "IN SOVIET, A SHIFT TO INCREASING SUPPORT FOR MARCOS", "Gringo plotted to kill Marcos Almonte", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S. The fraud culminated in the walkout of 35 COMELEC computer technicians to protest their claim that the official election results were manipulated to favor Ferdinand Marcos, at least based from their testimonies which were never validated. [318] A bill filed in Congress in 2020 proposes to compensate tens of thousands of people who are still not officially recognized as victims of state-sponsored violence during the Marcos regime. The family accumulated immense wealth over Marcos Sr's time in office, stripping up to $13.5 billion from the country's coffers to fund their lavish lifestyle. Rescuers and ambulances were only permitted to enter the site 9 hours after the incident. He declared martial law in 1972 and was finally toppled by the People Power Revolution of 1986. [257] [183][pageneeded]. The trial, and the overturning of the conviction turned Ferdinand Marcos into the "most famous young man in the islands", with then-President Manuel L. Quezon arranging to meet the boy and suggesting that he use the newfound popularity to enter Philippine politics. At least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by the police. The Center for Research and Communication, a Philippine private think-tank, estimated that Marcos and his cronies took away not only $10 million but $30 billion since the 1950s. A fortified bread known as nutribun, and the controversy surrounding it, has also reappeared. They had three children and resided for about two years at 204 Ortega Street in San Juan. Curtis, "Check Sheet, Subject:Ferdinand E. Marcos" sent to Lt. Col. W.M. Imelda then conducted business to get investments amounting to at least US$75 million. The US responded by assisting his campaign indirectly, injecting several million dollars into the government banking system.[501]. Ronald Reagan to intervene and put a stop to these cases. On February 25, 1986, rival presidential inaugurations were held,[271] but as Aquino supporters overran parts of Manila and seized state broadcaster PTV-4, Marcos was forced to flee.[272]. 30 s. 1966, which stated that "the preservation and promotion of Philippine culture in all its varied aspects and phases is a vital concern of the State. Secondborn Bongbong Marcos become vice governor of Ilocos Norte from 1980 to 1983 and governor of that same province from 1983 to 1986. Imee Marcos said Saturday. Philippine government, civil society, and academic institutions such as the National Historical Commission of the Philippines,[43] the University of the Philippines Diliman Department of History,[40] the Ateneo de Manila University,[44] the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility,[41] the Philippine Commission on Human Rights,[45] and the Philippine government's Presidential Commission on Good Government[46] say that the Marcos revisionist techniques or narratives perpetuated[47] include: Some historiographers such as Filomeno Aguilar Jr. attribute the rise of Marcos revisionism to the lack of comprehensive, in-depth scholarly work on the history of the Marcos family and of Martial Law. [355], While the numbers of political detainees went down, the number of people killed rose and spiked in 1981, the year martial law was officially lifted by Marcos according to Task Force Detainees of the Philippines. On the evening of September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law. Photograph: Romeo Gacad/AFP/Getty Images Marcos Sr died in1989,. [351][352][130], Enforced disappearances, also known "desaparecidos" or "the disappeared" people who suddenly went missing, sometimes without a trace and with bodies never recovered. While For the song, see, Post-WWII and congressional career (19491965), Social unrest after the balance of payments crisis, Early growth of the CPP New People's Army, Rumored coup d'tat and assassination plot, US foreign policy and martial law under Marcos, Withdrawal of Taiwan relations in favor of the People's Republic of China, Creation of the Credit Information Bureau, Snap election, People Power Revolution, and ouster (1986), 1986 RAM coup and People Power Revolution, Sandiganbayan, Supreme Court, and international trials, Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex, Laws passed during the Marcos administration. [243], To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. attends his mother Imelda Marcos's 90th birthday celebration in Manila, Philippines, on July 1, 2019. [241], In The Making of the Philippines, Frank Senauth (p.103) says:[242], Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds. (Reuters: Erik De Castro)Mr Marcos Jr's family has long sought to rebuild its image and has repeatedly denied allegations it . [431][433]:89 This greatly increased the Philippines' foreign deficit from $360 million when Marcos became president, to around $28.3 billion when he was overthrown. Ferdinand Marcos Sr, and his wife, Imelda, watch as university students undergo compulsory military training in Manila in 1985. Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP) has recorded:[338], Historian Alfred McCoy gives a figure of 3,257 recorded extrajudicial killings by the military from 1975 to 1985, 35,000 tortured and 70,000 incarcerated. [143] Oppositionists were arrested after being accused of being "radicals". [406][pageneeded] Hong Kong, more conveniently located for the Philippines, has developed facilities for the movement of money and the ready availability of various British lawyers who offer services of opening front or shell corporations for a fee. [137][138][139], Marcos responded to both groups with military force. In his next letter to Pres. The family, according to official US customs records, took crates of valuables with them, including jewellery, high-end clothes and millions in cash. [334][335], A 1976 Amnesty International report had listed 88 government torturers, including members of the Philippine Constabulary and the Philippine Army, which was respectively under the direct control of Major General Fidel V. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. Imelda was acquitted not because she did not commit any crime but because the United States jury deemed that the charges and trial did not belong in a US court. The elections were held on February 7, 1986. [251][pageneeded][252], According to World Bank Data, the Philippine's Annual Gross Domestic Product quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980, for an inflation-adjusted average growth rate of 6% per year, while debt stood at US$17.2 billion by the end of 1980. The remaining opposition delegates were forced to go either into exile or hiding. [141]:"43" partly because doing so was good for building up the AFP budget. [277] Given the special relations Marcos nurtured with Reagan, the former had expectations of favorable treatment. [87], Later in the year, they were convicted. MANILA Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., son of the late dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos, was sworn in to office Thursday, sealing a family comeback that was decades in the . According to Senator Jose W. Diokno, "As torture (cases) declined, a more terrible tactic emerged; unofficial executions" suspected dissidents were simply arrested and vanished. The GDP went down to $30.7 billion in 1985, after two years of economic recession brought about by political instability following Ninoy's assassination. During a campaign in Manila's Tondo district, Marcos retorted:[262]. A day after his proclamation, Nalundasan mocked Marcos publicly, organizing a mock funeral parade that ended in front of the Marcos house to show that Mariano's political career was "dead". [457] The program is said to have catered to rich landowners and has been criticized for leaving poor farmers in debt[457] and for having become a vehicle of political patronage. Marcos's son Ferdinand, Jr., known popularly as "Bongbong," has also served terms as senator and Governor of Ilocos Norte. [244][245] The external debt of the Philippines rose more than 70-fold from $360 million in 1962 to $26.2 billion in 1985,[246] making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia. [24], Anyone could be "salvaged": communist rebels, suspects, innocent civilians and priests included. Marcos was referring to both presidential candidate Corazon Aquino's father-in-law Benigno Aquino Sr. and vice presidential candidate Salvador Laurel's father, Jos P. Laurel. [433]:"8889", Critics contrasted this with the fact that poverty in the countryside was a much more pressing economic issue of the time. [31][34], President Corazon Aquino eventually allowed the members of the Marcos family to return to the Philippines after the death of Ferdinand Marcos, supposedly so that they could face various corruption charges. [68][69][70] Josefa Marcos was a schoolteacher who would far outlive her husband dying in 1988, two years after the Marcos family left her in Malacaang Palace when they fled into exile after the 1986 People Power Revolution, and only one year before her son Ferdinand's death. I reiterate this need, which is becoming more urgent each day. It was estimated to be between $19 million to $20 million after renovations were done. Diokno. [384] In 1998, the Philippine Supreme Court overturned the previous conviction of Imelda Marcos and acquitted her of corruption charges. MANILA, PhilippinesSince 2015, there's been an attempt to paint Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship as a golden age for the Philippines through tweaked facts and outright lies. A number of books were published under Marcos's name during his term from 1970 to 1983, and a final book was published in 1990 posthumously. What's the least amount of exercise we can get away with? In March 1986, the Philippine government had identified an $800 million Swiss bank account held by Marcos, which at the time was the largest asset of Marcos and his wife, Imelda, yet made public. In 1981, Vice President George H. W. Bush praised Marcos for his "adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic processes". It aims to develop and undertake the continuing exchange of credit data within its members and subscribers and to provide an impartial source of credit information for debtors, creditors and the public. [149] As a result, the Philippines was ideologically caught up in the anti-communist scare perpetuated by the US during the Cold War. The projected budget for the construction of CCP was P15 million, but by December 1968 the cost had already reached P48 million, and the construction was not even complete yet. [166]:213 The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the Ratification Cases. [105], Under intense pressure from the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson,[106] Marcos reversed his pre-presidency position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam War,[106][112] and consented to a limited involvement,[113] asking Congress to approve sending a combat engineer unit.