2, p. 829, Glenn E. Torrey, "The Battle of Turtucaia (Tutrakan) (2–6 September 1916): Romania's Grief, Bulgaria's Glory", General Stefan Toshev 1921 “The activity of the 3rd Army in Dobrudja in 1916”, p.68; Действията на III армия в Добруджа 1916, стр. Erich Ludendorff summarized the end of the 1916 Romanian Campaign as follows: We had beaten the Rumanian Army; to annihilate it had proved impossible. Both Romania and Bulgaria are members of NATO. Grenades were also manufactured, with three factories producing 1.5 tons of explosives daily. Torrey, Glenn E. "The Entente and the Rumanian Campaign of 1916". Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war; but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains, aiming to recover the territories lost in the Second Balkan War and World War I, as well as gain other lands with a significant Bulgari… The Kingdom of Romania was ruled by kings of the House of Hohenzollern from 1866. The Entente incorrectly assumed that Germany would be unable to respond to the invasion, as the Battle of the Somme and the Brusilov Offensive were at their height around this time and tied down significant German forces.  Bulgaria (1915-1918), Co-belligerents [85] This proved to be a critical strain on Romania's ability to wage a successful offensive in Transylvania, as it needed to divert troops south to the defense of Dobruja. The territorial spoils were divided in the Treaty of Bucharest and the Treaty of Constantinople.  Guatemala (1941-1945) Greece (1941-1944) Holt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1927), 243. Once there, he quickly formed the view that an unprepared and ill-armed Romania facing a war on two fronts would be a liability, not an asset, to the Allies. Kuban People's Republic (1918) Czechoslovakia Russian victories in Galicia in 1916, Allied promises of territory, and fear of Germany finally convinced Romania to join the war on the side of Britain, Russia, France, and Italy.  Soviet Union (1939-1940) Nearly 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were tied down, and The Times was prompted to describe the Romanian front as "The only point of light in the East". [22] According to British military historian John Keegan, before Romania entered the war, the Allies had secretly agreed not to honour the territorial expansion of Romania when the war ended. In October 1915, Romania's rival, Bulgaria, joined the Central Powers and, in unison with Germany, attacked Serbia. [55] Within three days, the attack had been shattered and the Romanians were retreating everywhere. Comparison with Soviet occupation of Bulgaria. At the same time, the Bulgarian Third Army with the 75th Turkish regiment,[42] defeated a Romanian-Russian force including the First Serbian Volunteer Division at the Battle of Bazargic, despite the almost double superiority of the Entente.  El Salvador (1941-1945) 390-395 and 870-873, "Military Casualties-World War-Estimated", Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in. Russian reinforcements under General Andrei Zaionchkovsky arrived to halt Mackensen's army before it cut the rail line that linked Constanța with Bucharest. 834-835, România în anii primului război mondial, vol. 832-833, România în anii primului război mondial, vol. History. Initiated by surprise with three divisions, the offensive succeeded in disrupting the well-organized enemy defenses and compelling the Austro-Hungarians and Germans to retreat.  Norway (1940) The army corps became only a command body for tactical coordination. Here’s why.  Bulgaria (1941-1944) 68, Симеонов, Радослав, Величка Михайлова и Донка Василева.  Finland (1939-1940) On the next day, this area was expanded, with 8 Bulgarian settlements ending up in Romanian hands.  Iraq (1941), Active neutrality  Hungary (1941-1945) Consequently, b… However, due to the deteriorating situation in Transylvania, the offensive was cancelled on 3 October. Nepal 2, p. 834, România în anii primului război mondial, vol. New Iraqi government, Supreme Command for Jihad and LiberationArmy of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order. Democratic Republic of Armenia  Finland (1944-1945) [30], Between 1914 and 1916, 59 Romanian factories produced 400,000 artillery rounds, 70 million bullets, 1,500 caissons and 332 gun carriages. [55] It was a bold undertaking, using the entire reserves of the Romanian army, but it needed the cooperation of Russian divisions to contain Mackensen's offensive while the Romanian reserve struck the gap between Mackensen and Falkenhayn. The offensive pushed the Romanian defenders back through the mountains and into the plains by 26 November. Because Bulgaria felt that Greece and Serbia got more lands than they deserved, Bulgaria declared war on Greece and Serbia, which repelled the attacks. After the Romanian troops had managed to bring the enemy to a halt at Moldavia's Gates, on the Eastern Carpathians, the Siret River and the Danube Delta alignment in cooperation with Russian military forces, Romania embarked on the reconstruction and strengthening of its combat capability during the first half of 1917 through multiple national efforts under highly complex international circumstances. The offensive potential of the Romanian army was confirmed through this victory. The Kingdom of Romania was neutral for the first two years of World War I, entering on the side of the Allied powers from 27 August 1916 until Central Power occupation led to the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918, before reentering the war on 10 November 1918. At the outbreak of hostilities, the Austro-Hungarian Empire invoked a casus foederis on Romania and Italy linked to the secret treaty of alliance since 1883. Iran (1941) They also requisitioned two million tons of grain from Romanian farmers. On 23 August 1944, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. These factors meant that the Romanian forces became too strained to put up effective resistance against the enemy advance. 2, pp. During the first stage (6-12 August), the troops of the Romanian First Army, together with Russian forces, managed to arrest the enemy advance and forced the Germans to change the direction of their attack toward the northwest gradually.  Romania (1940), Client state Germany, caught by surprise, responded with a declaration of war on Romania the next day (28 August). Reasons for the attack were lack of Bulgarian wars, Romanian attack on Indonesia and a rumor for new missions including kills against Natural enemy. Britain made loans, France sent a military training mission, and Russia promised modern munitions. This attack caught the Romanians by surprise and Mackensen's army was able to advance rapidly towards Bucharest against very weak resistance. …  Montenegro (1914-1916) They departed large parts of the country back to the demarcation lines only in early 1920. Her generals were quick to grasp the elements of danger, and by their defence of the central passes prevented the swift and utter disaster of which her enemies dreamed. Radomir Putnik • Živojin Mišić • Stepa Stepanović • Petar Bojović • Pavle Jurišić Šturm;  France: Maurice Sarrail • Adolphe Guillaumat • Louis Franchet d'Espèrey;  United Kingdom: Bryan Mahon • George Milne;  Kingdom of Greece: Panagiotis Danglis, Morava Offensive • Ovče Pole Offensive • Kosovo Offensive (1915) • Battle of Krivolak, First battle of Doiran • Battle of Florina (Lerin) • Struma operation • Monastir Offensive, Second battle of Doiran • 2nd Crna Bend • Second battle of Monastir, Battle of Skra-di-Legen • Battle of Dobro Pole • Third battle of Doiran, Nikola Zhekov • Panteley Kiselov • Stefan Toshev • Todor Kantardzhiev • Ivan Kolev, Romania: Vinogradov, "The Years of Neutrality", 460.  Panama (1941-1945) The German High Command created the Army Group Kühne, headquartered in Petroșani, under the command of General Viktor Kühne (de). On 23 January, they attempted to cross the marshes at Tulcea, but suffered heavy casualties to Romanian defenders on the northern bank and stopped. Advances by other parts of Falkenhayn's Ninth Army also pushed through the mountains; the Romanian army was being ground down by the constant battle and their supply situation was becoming critical. The Romanian warship counterattacked, damaging the submarine's periscope and conning tower and forcing her to retreat. I, trans. The Romanian army continued its retreat towards the Olt River while the cavalry tried to slow the German advance in order to give it time to organize a defensive line along the Olt. Jelavich, Barbara. This is a list of wars fought by Romania since 1859: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia did not participate in any wars. After the successful Vardar Offensive on the Macedonian front that knocked In areas populated with Romanians, the Romanian troops were warmly welcomed, and the locals provided them considerable assistance in terms of provisions, billeting and guiding. Ecuador Part of the population moved to the free territory, together with the Romanian government, royal court and public authorities, which relocated to Iași. Poland (1939-1945) In his 1922 book, A History of the Great War: From the battle of Verdun to the third battle of Ypres, John Buchan provides a comprehensive analysis of the Romanian 1916 Campaign: Contemporary history is rarely just to failure. The directions, organization and methodology of the training of the command staff and the troops were considerably improved and special training centers were set up. [27][28] The Ottoman declaration took place either on 29 August,[26] 30 August[27] or 1 September. In 1940, the Soviet Union had claimed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. [56] Faced with the overwhelming superiority of the invading forces, the Romanian army, its ranks thinned from the previous actions, inferior in equipment and lacking Russian support, failed to check the enemy advance. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the Japanese attack on the United States, Bulgaria yielded to German pressure to declare war on Great Britain and the United States, a move of only symbolic importance, but Tsar Boris avoided joining the war against the Soviet Union, fearing that this would lead to popular unrest. But after King Carol's death in 1914, his successor King Ferdinand I, favored the Entente. Costa Rica For fighting between insurgent groups, see Civil war in Iraq (2006–07). On 1 December, the Romanian army went ahead with the offensive along the Argeș and Neajlov rivers. The Romanian Fourth Army, in the north of the country, retreated without much pressure from the Austro-Hungarian troops, so that by 25 October, the Romanian army was back to its initial positions. Panama Bulgaria thus enlarged its … The next day, pursuing the offensive, the Romanian troops forced the enemy into an ever more disorderly retreat. Many novels have been written on this subject, including Liviu Rebreanu's Forest of the Hanged. A notable contribution to the reconstruction of the Romanian army was made by the 1,600-strong French military mission led by General Henri Mathias Berthelot, which supervised the process and helped retrain Romanian troops. [44], In October 1916, the Romanian army mounted a wide-scale operation, the main target of which was the defense of the mountain passes in the Southern and Eastern Carpathians against the ever-stronger pressure of the German and Austro-Hungarian forces. 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