; Conroy, R.S. Available online: ATmega640/V-1280/V-1281/V-2560/V-2561/V. NHF delivers heated and humidified air/oxygen with flows up to 60 L/min. Yilmaz, T.; Foster, R.; Hao, Y. Detecting vital signs with wearablewireless sensors. The RR sensor evaluated in this study was fabricated using this technology where silver nanoparticle ink was deposited on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. 1 This paper will focus on one aspect of pump failure—respiratory muscle strength/fatigue—and review the various approaches to enhance muscle function through muscle training. ; project administration, A.A.-H., L.A.-G., and D.Z. In addition, there was insignificant effect of posture or individual difference on the estimation error. Liu, H.; Chen, F.; Hartmann, V.; Khalid, S.G.; Hughes, S.; Zheng, D. Comparison of different modulations of photoplethysmography in extracting respiratory rate: From a physiological perspective. SABA inhalation significantly reduced the effect of … 13 The mortality rate of COPD exacerbation after hospitalization is 8%, and patients with frequent exacerbations have a mortality rate of 23%/y. Moreover, the measurement accuracy of the IJPT sensor was comparable with other sensors that have been clinically evaluated on healthy human subjects reported in [, Currently, the RR monitoring is often neglected or inaccurately recorded even on patients with respiratory diseases due to the lack of appropriate devices for clinical use [, There were some limitations associated with this study. Liu, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, M.; Qin, H.; Xie, Y. 1 It is projected to become the third most common cause of death worldwide by the year 2030. Khan, Y.; Ostfeld, A.E. A wearable respiration monitoring system based on digital respiratory inductive plethysmography. [, Jeong, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Bland, J.M. The results in this work indicated the high accuracy of the IJPT sensor in RR measurement, with minor differences between different postures. Ex-Smoker: stopped smoking after 6 months of interview. 4. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) it often goes down to 90%. Aim of our study was to compare safety and efficacy of HFOT with those of conventional oxygen treatment (COT) in normo- and hypercapnic COPD patients. [. Conceptualization, A.A.-H., L.A.-G., H.L., and D.Z. quit smoking: stopped within the last 6 months of interview. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). ; Lochner, C.M. 2 In fact, in 2011, COPD was already the third major cause of death in developed countries, such as the United States. For pneumonia defined as a SAE with supporting radiography, the rate per 1000 patient-years was 53.3 for triple therapy, 32.4 for LAMA/LABA and 47.7 for LABA/ICS. Tobacco from other types of inhalation such as pipes, cigars and water-based pipes such as the hookah. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Most people have a saturation level of 96% or more. Colds are very easily passed on from person to person. N/A: not available. 3. Methodology: Thirty-five patients (Mean ± SD of age: 55.25 ± 13.76 years) in different stages of COPD were recruited. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ; Grassion, L.; Antoine, R.; Guerder, A.; Gonzalez-Bermejo, J. Validation of respiratory rate measurements from remote monitoring device in COPD patients. [. Some respiratory infections can cause patients to have a COPD attack (also called an “exacerbation”). The e-Health sensor was placed in the nostrils while the IJPT sensor was fixed on the xiphoid process through an adjustable belt over the clothes. This research was funded by the Royal Academy of Engineering under grant Ref. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was performed to investigate if there was any significant effect of individual difference or posture on the measurement error. COPD is a high-mortality disease, with approximately 2.75 million deaths/y, or 4.8% of all deaths. Berry, C.E. Another limitation was the endurance of some patients to stay in a certain position as it caused fatigue and irritability. 4844–4847. The analysis method is the same as that for error of RR. ; validation, A.R., H.L., and K.A.O. Mean patient age was 56 years old, with 58% reported as male. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Physiological abnormalities in patients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD: An observational study with continuous monitoring. Rubio, N.; Parker, R.A.; Drost, E.M.; Pinnock, H.; Weir, C.J. Massaroni, C.; Nicolò, A.; Presti, D.L. Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. When NOT to intubate the COPD patient. Received: 22 November 2020 / Revised: 6 January 2021 / Accepted: 8 January 2021 / Published: 11 January 2021, (This article belongs to the Special Issue, Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that causes long-term breathing problems. The symptoms of COPD may differ between individuals, but commonly include shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness in the chest [, Regarding RR measurement, the clinical evaluation of WFS was mainly performed on healthy subjects [. Elvekjaer, M.; Aasvang, E.K. USA.gov. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely a heart rate of 110 or more. The patients included in the study had different GOLD stages of COPD (1, 2, 3 or 4), different age groups (mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age: 55.25 ± 13.76 years) and different smoking status (ex-smoker, quit smoking, or smoker). The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Jordan University Hospital Ethics Committee (REF 67/2019/6480). Rolfe, S. The importance of respiratory rate monitoring. ; Martinez-Hurtado, J.L. The mean respiratory rate of the total collective was 19/min. The rate of pneumonia per 1000 patient-years was 95.8 for triple therapy, 61.2 for LAMA/LABA and 96.6 for LABA/ICS. In each position, the measurement lasted for one minute. [. Liu, H.; Allen, J.; Zheng, D.; Chen, F. Recent development of respiratory rate measurement technologies. Application of Mixed Effects Limits of Agreement in the Presence of Multiple Sources of Variability: Exemplar from the Comparison of Several Devices to Measure Respiratory Rate in COPD Patients. Related COPD Resources. In patients with COPD, higher respiratory rates increased expiratory and inspiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), the difference in respiratory resistance at 5 Hz and 20 Hz (R5–R20), resonant frequency and decreased expiratory reactance. Sharma, P.; Hui, X.; Zhou, J.; Conroy, T.B. The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: Past, present and future. Cordova, F.C. For the data of each measurement, the quality of reference (airflow) respiratory signal was double-checked. Regional Lung Sound Asynchrony in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Firstly, the IJPT sensor was tested on 35 COPD patients with only one female and also not all of the measurements at the three postures were available due to the limitations aforementioned in. Shallow breaths 3. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of REF 67/2019/6480. It should be noted that the patients were asked not to move while taking the measurements. ; Boyd, K.M. ; Porsbjerg, C.M. In Proceedings of the 2009 Annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 3–6 September 2009; pp. ; Calle-Rubio, M.; Malo De Molina, R.; Valle Falcones, M.; Ussetti, P.; Sauleda, J.; et al. The association of lung function and St. George's respiratory questionnaire with exacerbations in COPD: a systematic literature review and regression analysis Respir Res. Ishimatsu A, Nakano H, Nogami H, Yoshida M, Iwanaga T, Hoshino T. Intern Med. You seem to have javascript disabled. ; Ciccolella, D.; Grabianowski, C.; Gaughan, J.; Brennan, K.; Goldstein, F.; Jacobs, M.R. Measurement of heart rate and respiratory rate using a textile-based wearable device in heart failure patients. [Telemonitoring in patients with COPD and acute exacerbations]. Ciocchetti, M.; Massaroni, C.; Saccomandi, P.; Caponero, M.; Polimadei, A.; Formica, D.; Schena, E. Smart Textile Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Respiratory Monitoring: Design and Preliminary Trials. ; Pierre, A.; Arias, A.C. ; Paoletti, P.; Gibson, J.; Howard, P.; Yernault, J.C.; Decramer, M.; Higenbottam, T.; Postma, D.S. Accurate respiratory rates count: So should you! The measurement accuracy of our inkjet-printed (IJPT) sensor was evaluated at different body postures (i.e., standing, sitting at 90°, and lying at 45°) on COPD patients. It can be concluded that the IJPT sensor showed comparable accuracy with other wearable sensors on COPD patients evaluated in the literature with the absolute relative error of 4.49%, 7.29%, and 9.47% at sitting, standing, and lying45° postures, respectively. ; Saraireh, R.; Eisa, S.M. 7161–7164. It is estimated that 3.7 million people in the UK may be living with the condition but only 900,000 are diagnosed (National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions, 2010); this mismatch between numbers indicates that a huge proportion of the population with COPD remains undiagnosed. Recent advances in wearable sensors for health monitoring. Nag, A.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C.; Kosel, J. Wearable Flexible Sensors: A Review. According to WHO estimates, 65 million people have moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The results for the rest period show the technical and functional feasibility of the prototype and serve as a preliminary validation of the device for respiratory rate monitoring of patients with COPD. ; Sacchetti, M. Time to reconsider how ventilation is regulated above the respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise. The work of Fei Chen was supported by High-level University Fund G02236002 of Southern University of Science and Technology. ; resources, A.A.-H. and D.Z. Wearable radio-frequency sensing of respiratory rate, respiratory volume, and heart rate. Moreover, the authors would like to thank the Industrial Research & Development Fund in the Higher Council for Science & Technology for their support of the project. It has been proven that ANOVA is applicable even if the data deviate from normal distribution [. Ali Al-Ghussein from the GJU Innovation and Entrepreneurship laboratory for providing the e-Health sensor. Wu, D.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, B.; Wang, B.; Lin, S.; Xu, X. The details of the fabrication process of the IJPT sensor can be found in [. Chiarugi, F.; Karatzanis, I.; Zacharioudakis, G.; Meriggi, P.; Rizzo, F.; Stratakis, M.; Louloudakis, S.; Biniaris, C.; Valentini, M.; Di Rienzo, M.; et al. The relative error of RR estimation was calculated as in Equation (2). Long-term Recording of Night-Time Respiratory Symptoms in Patients with Stable COPD II-IV. [3] This is not normal. Ahmed Albagdady for providing some of the photos used in the manuscript. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of stretchable sensors in the monitoring of RR on COPD patients. ; formal analysis, L.A.-G. and H.L. A respiration sensor for a chest-strap based wireless body sensor. Lei, K.F. Carlson, R.V. Resting heart rate correctly reclassified subjects across all COPD stages, 76.4% were GOLD stage II, 19.7% GOLD stage III and 3.9% GOLD stage IV which was similar to the general distribution of COPD (77.9% GOLD stage II, 18.3% GOLD stage III and 3.8% GOLD stage IV). Monitoring of Vital Signs with Flexible and Wearable Medical Devices. ; Ünal, B.; Khademhosseini, A.; Butt, H. Wearables in Medicine. Development of Screen-Printed Breathing Rate Sensors. 8 Studies show that 8–35% of these exacerbations are due to influenza virus 9–12 and 8–25% are due to pneumococcal infection. When nicotine consumption is taken into account, active smokers showed a significantly higher mean respiratory rate of 20.84 ± 4.45/min compared to non-smokers with 17.41 ± 3.14/min (p < 0.05). A Telemedicine-Based Intervention Reduces the Frequency and Severity of COPD Exacerbation Symptoms: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Based on inkjet printing technology, we have developed a stretchable and wearable sensor that can accurately measure RR on normal subjects. Nakano, H.; Kadowaki, M.; Furukawa, T.; Yoshida, M. Rise in nocturnal respiratory rate during CPAP may be an early sign of COVID-19 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of hospitalisation. Nicolò, A.; Marcora, S.M. The calculation of the respiratory rate was done by finding the frequency at which the power spectral density of the filtered data had its maximum value. Respiratory muscle weakness is a powerful predictor for survival in COPD patients, thus emphasizing muscle function restoration as a primary focus. Krönig J, Hildebrandt O, Weissflog A, Cassel W, Gross V, Sohrabi K, Fischer P, Koehler U. COPD. A summary of patients’ information, as well as CAGE (Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye) questionnaire summary, can be found in, The strain gauge sensor, whose resistance value varied during respiration, was connected to a Wheatstone Bridge with suitable values for the resistors. Inability to walk 5. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. The considered RR data can be found in, The RR values derived from inkjet-printed strain gauge (RR, The estimation error of RR was calculated as in Equation. Infections that cause COPD attacks are also called “acute bronchitis.” A cold is an infection that is caused by a virus. These can be very dangerous and might even require treatment in a hospital. ; Chiu, Y.Y. Abnormalities in the airways or alveoli are caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases. Breath Sound Intensity during Tidal Breathing in COPD Patients. 2015 Feb;12(1):104-12. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2014.908832. ; visualization, L.A.-G., O.K., and H.L. ; Hsieh, Y.Z. The measurement was repeated in 3 different positions: Lying position 45°, sitting upright, and standing. min −1 , the minute ventilation decreased significantly in both groups (by 30.5±4.5% in COPD patients and by 32.6±5.9% in controls). ; MacNee, W.; et al. Afterward, a MATLAB-based bandpass filter was used to filter both signals with cut-off frequencies of 3 and 90 bpm, or 0.05 and 1.5 Hz, respectively, with the function configured to an infinite impulse response. In addition, some patients had chest tubes, which caused improper mounting of the IJPT sensor. flexible and wearable sensors; respiratory rate; COPD patients; inkjet printing; clinical evaluation. Linear regression analysis was used to inspect whether the correlation between the RR, The ANOVA showed no significant effect of posture (, The linear regression coefficient between RR. In Proceedings of the IEEE SENSORS 2014 Proceedings, Valencia, Spain, 2–5 November 2014; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2014; Volume 2014, pp. Ireland’s hospitalisation rates for COPD and asthma show room for improvement — Chief Medical Officer Ireland has the highest hospitalisation rate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among the 37 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, according to latest data reporting on the quality of healthcare. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The reliable monitoring of respiratory rate (RR) is very important for the treatment and management of COPD. Identification of COPD patients’ health status using an intelligent system in the CHRONIOUS wearable platform. Early detection of worsening of symptoms (exacerbations) may allow timely treatment and help people stay out of hospital. Parker, R.A.; Weir, C.J. (1). The 2010 ECLIPSE study demonstrated that the rate of COPD exacerbations was variable, from an average of 0.85 events per year in patients with moderate airflow limitation to 2.0 events per year in those with severe airflow limitation. Rodgers, M.M. Investigators observed a COPD prevalence rate of just 5% (n = 437) in patients … 6580–6583. ; Altman, D.G. A feeling that you want to lean over, sit down, or lie down 6. There is another, more accurate way of measuring oxygen levels that is used by specialists in hospitals: it's called an 'arterial blood gas'. a respiratory rate of > 25 breaths per minute. ; et al. ; Jang, Y.W. Shortness of breath 4. Despite these limitations, the respiratory signals were successfully recorded in most measurements. Based on inkjet printing technology, we have developed a stretchable and wearable sensor that can accurately measure RR on normal subjects. ; Sørensen, H.B.D. Nicolò, A.; Massaroni, C.; Passfield, L. Respiratory frequency during exercise: The neglected physiological measure. Hill, B.; Annesley, S.H.  |  The global incidence of COPD in 2010 was 384 million, affecting 11.7% of the population.1 Approximately 3 million deaths from COPD occur annually worldwide.2 The Burden of Obstructive Lung Diseases program, run in 29 countries, found a COPD prevalence of 10.1%, with 11.8% in men and 8.5% in adults over age 40.3,4 COPD is a common, preventable, and treatable disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation from airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused b… The decreases in expiratory reactance from 20 to 40 tidal breaths/min were significantly correlated with MRC scores. Box 35247, Amman 11180, Jordan, Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan, Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China. Anlló, H.; Herer, B.; Delignières, A.; Bocahu, Y.; Segundo, I.; Mach Alingrin, V.; Gilbert, M.; Larue, F. Hypnosis for the management of anxiety and dyspnea in COPD: A randomized, sham-controlled crossover trial. It was observed that RR changed from 15.2 ± 4.3 bpm to 19.1 ± 5.9 bpm during the exacerbation of COPD [, The statistical analysis demonstrated a high accuracy of the IJPT sensor in RR monitoring on COPD patients with good stability at different posture positions. Epub 2017 Jul 17. ; Fifer, W.P. 2016;92(4):252-257. doi: 10.1159/000449255.  |  Transfer Entropy Modeling of Newborn Cardiorespiratory Regulation. ; writing—original draft, L.A.-G., O.K., A.R., J.A., and H.L. IAPP1R2\100204. Tomasic, I.; Tomasic, N.; Trobec, R.; Krpan, M.; Kelava, T. Continuous remote monitoring of COPD patients—justification and explanation of the requirements and a survey of the available technologies. The results of clinical evaluation on 35 COPD patients in the present work indicated that the IJPT sensor was able to accurately measure the RR at different postures. ; Lo Presti, D.; Schena, E.; Silvestri, S. Contactless monitoring of breathing patterns and respiratory rate at the pit of the neck: A single camera approach. Air pollution (outdoors, but also indoor pollution from cooking and heating using the burning of biomass fuels). Furtak, N.T. ; Webb, D.J. Al-Halhouli, A.; Al-Ghussain, L.; El Bouri, S.; Habash, F.; Liu, H.; Zheng, D. Clinical Evaluation of Stretchable and Wearable Inkjet-Printed Strain Gauge Sensor for Respiratory Rate Monitoring at Different Body Postures. ; writing—review and editing, A.A.-H., L.A.-G., H.L., and F.C. This study shows that it is possible to safely lower PaCO 2 with ECCO 2 R in stable patients with COPD with chronic hypercapnia refractory to chronic NIV. These limitations, the authors would like to thank Eng editing, A.A.-H., L.A.-G.,,! ( HFOT ) is a major cause of hospitalisation, but also indoor pollution cooking... Miyazawa T. respiration for the gain resistor, as shown in involved:. 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