Toyotomi Hideyoshi Farmer turned military commander Takes control and moves capital to Osaka 7. Shushigaku appealed especially to the feudal rulers because, among the various schools of Confucianism, it was the most systematic doctrine. Despite the general improvement of agricultural technology and the spread of such knowledge through manuals and handbooks among an increasingly literate populace during the Edo period, productivity was uneven; and in many areas, and especially during certain eras, periodic crop failures and famines, exacerbated by excessive taxation, resulted in people starving or fleeing their villages. syllable, 3-line verse poem. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa shogun, chose Edo (present-day Tokyo) as Japan’s new capital, and it became one of the largest cities of its time and was the site of a thriving urban culture. Famous centres of pottery production also flourished at various places throughout the country, some ancient, like Seto, but others, like Hagi, stimulated by the influence of Korean potters captured during Hideyoshi’s invasions. Thus he argued that the separation of the four classes of society was in accord with the teachings of Confucius. Saikaku set a new record by composing 23,500 haikai in a single day and night—one verse every four seconds. Written with a different Chinese ideogram in Edo times, it now came to mean “floating world” and implied pleasure—specifically from the pleasure quarters of the great Edo cities. He also wrote more than 30 kabuki plays. In Edo, drawing in traditional styles was further developed by Hishikawa Moronobu, who not only depicted the usual courtesans and actors but also vividly portrayed various aspects of the lives of ordinary people. Edo society was a feudal society with strict social stratification, customs, and regulations intended to promote political stability. The polity of the Tokugawa era was a multifaceted but comprehensive governmental organism. Saikaku consistently attempted to create an accurate depiction of the human desire for love and profit. Tendō essentially took on the connotation of the Chinese term t’ien-ming (“mandate of heaven”; Japanese: tenmei), and Razan and other Confucian thinkers provided an explanation and justification for changes in rulers through the process of gekokujō (overthrow of superiors by inferiors) of the Sengoku period. Among the family members, the status of women was especially low, and the idea of danson-johi (“respect for the male, contempt for the female”) was prevalent. The Tokugawa (or Edo) period brought 250 years of stability to Japan. Inevitably, it meant the rise of some wealthy members of the rural populace, who used their wealth to invest in land and commercial ventures and to “ape their betters” in the cities in both custom and culture. As Japanese cities Tokugawa Period Economy and Society Secondary Source: 1. Matsuo Bashō became closely attached to haiku (although the word itself was not coined until the 19th century) and fashioned it into a popular form of poetry. The Tokugawa period was an era from 1600 to 1868, which the Japanese society was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate and the daimyos, who were territorial lords. With a population of with more than one million, the rise of large commercial centers increased employment opportunities for … If commercial development had been largely a phenomenon of the cities in the 17th century, in the 18th and 19th centuries it spread to the hinterlands of Japan, where small-scale producers of goods, distributors, and even retailers appeared. The image of samurai, warriors of honour who would endure anything in the service of their masters, became almost obsolete during the Tokugawa period. Meanwhile, economic conditions in the cities—to which frustrated peasants often fled seeking a better life—were hardly better. It was during this more than two-hundred-fifty-year period of peace (Pax Tokugawa) that many Japanese “customs” were solidified and gained popularity in Japanese society and further examples of art and literature were created. As noted above, the samurai class had long since taken up normal residence in the cities. Bashō found the existing haikai style unsatisfying. While many wealthy merchants enjoyed luxurious lifestyles in cooperation with warrior rulers, the city poor, driven to the edge of starvation by the rising prices of rice and other commodities, often rioted, plundering and destroying rice shops and pawnshops. 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